ls |
list files and directories |
ls -a |
list all files and directories |
mkdir |
make a directory |
cd directory |
change to named directory |
cd |
change to home-directory |
cd ~ |
change to home-directory |
cd .. |
change to parent directory |
pwd |
display the path of the current directory |
cp file1 file2 |
copy file1 and call it file2 |
mv file1 file2 |
move or rename file1 to file2 |
rm file |
remove a file |
rmdir directory |
remove a directory |
cat file |
display a file |
more file |
display a file a page at a time |
head file |
display the first few lines of a file |
tail file |
display the last few lines of a file |
grep 'keyword' file |
search a file for keywords |
wc file |
count number of lines/words/characters in file |
command > file |
redirect standard output to a file |
command >> file |
append standard output to a file |
command < file |
redirect standard input from a file |
command1 | command2 |
pipe the output of command1 to the input of command2 |
cat file1 file2 > file0 |
concatenate file1 and file2 to file0 |
sort |
sort data |
who |
list users currently logged in |
lpr -Pprinter filename |
print a text or PDF file to named printer |
* |
match any number of characters |
? |
match one character |
man command |
read the online manual page for a command |
whatis command |
brief description of a command |
apropos keyword |
match commands with keyword in their man pages |
ls -la |
list access rights for all files |
chmod [options] file |
change access rights for named file |
command & |
run command in background |
^C |
kill the job running in the foreground |
^Z |
suspend the job running in the foreground |
bg |
background the suspended job |
jobs |
list current jobs |
fg %1 |
foreground job number 1 |
kill %1 |
kill job number 1 |
ps |
list current processes |
kill 26152 |
kill process number 26152 |