Plagiarism and Citing your Sources on the Internet
The Columbia Guide to Online Style
Chicago Manual of Style (selected guide to citing On line)
There are numerous ways of giving credit to others for their ideas, but all of them depend on the principles of consistency (information is always treated in the same way) and 'identifiability' (you MUST provide enough information so that some one else can go back and find the EXACT SPOT from which you are drawing the information). Of the many methods possible, one of the most useful and widely employed is presented below: the author-date method as presented in the Chicago Manual of Style.
The
manual offers several types of citation styles, however. Your professor
may have a preference and will most likely make it clear when you start your
research project. If you have doubts, please consult her before you start
your research.
Within the
text of your paper:
The APA system of citing sources indicates the author's last name and the date, in parentheses, within the text of your paper.
A. A typical citation of an entire work consists of the author's name and the year of publication.
Example:
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities
but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor 1990).
Use the last name only in both first and subsequent citations, except when there is more than one author with the same last name. In that case, use the last name and the first initial.
B. If the author is named in the text, only the year is cited.
Example:
According to Irene Taylor (1990), the personalities of Charlotte. . .
C. Specific citations of pages or chapters follow the year. You do not need to write "page" or "p.".
Example:
Emily Bronte "expressed increasing hostility for the world of human
relationships, whether sexual or social" (Taylor, 1988, 11).
D. If both the name of the author and the date are used in the text, parenthetical reference is not necessary unless you are quoting a specific reference
Examples:
In a 1989 article, Gould explains Darwin's most successful. . .
but,
In a 1989 article, Gould explains that "Darwin's most successful ..." (87)
E. When the reference is to a work by two authors, cite both names each time the reference appears.
Example:
Sexual-selection theory often has been used to explore patters of various insect
mating (Alcock and Thornhill, 1983) . . . Alcock and Thornhill (1983) also
demonstrate. . .
F. When the reference is to a work by three to five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference appears. In a subsequent reference, use the first author's last name followed by et al. (meaning "and others").
Example
of a first reference:
The point is best made
in a recent study of community college administration in Texas (Douglas, Warren,
and Jackson 1997)
Example of a subsequent reference:
Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of
community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al. 1997)
When the reference is to a work by six or more authors, use only the first author's name followed et al. in the first and all subsequent reference. The only exceptions to this rule are when some confusion might result because of similar names or the same author being cited. In that case, cite enough authors so that the distinction is clear.
G. When the reference is to a work by a corporate author, use the name of the organization as the author.
Example:
Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and
recreational facilities (Columbia University 1987, 54).
H. Personal letters, telephone calls, and other material that cannot be retrieved are not listed in the Literature Cited but rather are cited in the text.
Example:
Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, 17 April 1989) confirmed that the ideas. .
.
Lyle Lovett explained that "Texas is a wonderful state"(interview with
author, 20 March 1998).
I. Parenthetical references may mention more than one work, particularly when ideas have been summarized after drawing from several sources. Multiple citations should be arranged as follows.
Examples:
1.
List two or more works by
the same author in order of the date of publication:
(Gould 1987; Gould 1989)
2.
Differentiate works by the
same author and with the same publication date by adding an identifying letter
to each date:
(Bloom 1987a; Bloom 1987b)
3.
List works by different
authors in alphabetical order by last name, and use semicolons to separate the
references:
(Gould 1989; Smith,1983; Tutwiler 1989).
On the Literature
Cited page:
If you have made any citations within the paper (even implicit ones) you must list the publication information in more detail on a Literature Cited page at the end of the paper. Do not combine this page with any other information. It must stand on its own. The basic framework for citing works on the Literature Cited page is relatively simple and follows a basic format with several variations:
The examples below may help you with unusual circumstances.
A. Single-Author Book
B. Book with More than One Author:
C. Edited Volumes
If you are refering to a particular article or signed chapter in an edited volume, your reference would look like this:
D. Book Without Author or Editor Listed
If you cannot find an author, begin with the title of the work. Use the same title (in abbreviated but comprehensible form if necessary) in the parenthetical note within the text.
Within the text the reference could appear as (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary 1961) or (Webster's 1961)
E. Secondary Resources
To use material that is quoted or paraphrased elsewhere when you do not use the original resource, your reference will include the source of your language (or idea)
Note: The "77," above, is a volume number, not a page number.
In your text, you would quote or paraphrase the idea that Affleck has quoted or used, as follows:
As Villa trenchantly points out, "Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the stakes are so low." (as cited in Affleck, Allen, and DeLoatch, 1997).
F. Journals/Periodicals
Use inclusive page numbers. Do not use the abbreviations "p." or "pp."
G. Newspaper Articles
If the article is "signed" (that is, you know the author's name), begin with that author's name. (Notice the discontinuous pages.)
If the author's name is not available, begin the reference with the headline or title in the author position.
H. Interviews
Begin with the name of the person being interviewed and insert the interviewer after the name of the article:
The exact methods for citing electronic resources remain the source of some discussion. The following paragraphs offer a few general guides. For more detailed information, try the Online! site managed by Bedford/St. Martin's Press.
A. General Information
Regard electronic correspondences, such as e-mail or discussions on bulletin boards or discussion groups, as personal communication (like phone conversations or memos), because it is not recoverable by others. Cite personal communications only within the text and not the Literature Cited page.
Personal Communication
In the text, give the initials and surname of the author and provide as exact a
date as possible:
· Rob Runyon (personal communication, April 18, 1993)
· (Marian Kohel, personal communication, June 28, 1993)
Retrievable Information:
If the information is, in fact, retrievable, the following elements are
necessary for the reference page:
· Author or Editor. Date. Title of article. Title of Periodical. volume, issue: paging. Available [Type of medium]: Address or other identifier [Access date].
The date should be the year of publication or the most recent
update. If the date of the source cannot be determined, provide the exact date
of your search. The path information should be sufficienct for someone else to
retrieve the material. For example, specify the method used to find the
material: the protocol (Telnet, FTP, Internet, etc.), the directory, and the
file name. Do not end the path statement with a period.
B. Sample References
Online journal, FTP
· Funder, David C. 1994. Judgmental process and content: Commentary on Koehler on base-rate. Psycoloquy, 5(17). Available FTP: Hostname:princeton.edu Directory: pub/harnad/Psycholoquy.94.5.17.base-rate.12.funder [Accessed 3 April 2000].
Online
· Marx, Karl. 1848. The Communist Manifesto. Available WWW: http://www.cla.wayne.edu/POLISCI/krause/Comparative/SOURCES/marx.htm#Introduction [Accessed 23 September 2000].
· Klein, Donald F. 1997. Control group in Pharmacoptherapy and psychotherapy evaluations. Treatment, I. Available WWW: http://www.apa.org/treatment/vol1/97_a1.html [Accessed 16 November 1997].
No Author Listed
On the World Wide Web,
the author's name is not always available. If you have determined that the
material nonetheless has scholarly integrity (because, say, it was published on
the web-site of a responsible scholar or prestigious university), you would list
that resource in your Reference page the same way you would treat a book without
an author: begin your reference with the title. Parenthetically, within your
text, use the title of the document so that your reader can find the list on
your Literature Cited page and discover, then, how to find that document.
*Most text here adapted by Kevin Deegan Krause (Wayne States University) from the site maintained by Capital Community College of Hartford, Connecticut, http://webster.commnet.edu/apa/apa_index.htm, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, http://www.williams.edu/library/citing/chicago.html, and The Chicago Manual of Style. 1993. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. For more information on The Chicago Manual of Style, try visiting the University of Chicago Press's website.